{"id":"W2089278217","doi":"10.2165/00148365-200806010-00002","title":"Differences in Generic Drug Prices between the US and Canada","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","topic":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; St. Michael's Hospital; University of Toronto","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Medical prescription; Pharmacy; Medicine; Generic drug; Drug prices; Prescription drug; Pharmacoepidemiology; Drug; Brand names; Family medicine; Business; Advertising; Pharmacology; Public economics; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009239789,0.000250981,0.0008863073,0.0002478944,0.0007489528,0.00007425425,0.0002525001,0.00007377892,0.00001821713],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001147766,0.000246548,0.00003439394,0.0001590269,0.0002147928,0.00008720002,0.0001348091,0.000323396,0.00001954472],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006660962,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002062819,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.8642563,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.5773736,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973348,0.00002350065,0.001211448,0.0005350735,0.00002304366,0.0008721483],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983467,0.0001501982,0.0006277786,0.0002767638,0.000006273271,0.0005922953],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009478878,0.00002825486,0.3584474,0.0001605678,0.00003150847,6.559486e-7,0.001929844,0.00003169106,6.095964e-8,0.628449,0.004927398,0.005984123],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006758429,0.00003627079,0.6706969,0.000007007806,0.00000112131,0.000007617094,0.00006773422,0.0008394687,0.000001021427,0.01759324,0.3098131,0.000260674],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8404798,0.005328084,0.000008878227,0.1491959,0.0001158396,0.0005121827,0.0002760884,0.00001258346,0.004070631],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8829956,0.05757971,0.0001152839,0.05870342,0.0004472865,0.000057992,0.00001398956,0.0000261429,0.00006056147],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6108558,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999987,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1212656182467413,"score_gpt":0.3206131181645682,"score_spread":0.1993474999178269,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}