{"id":"W2090682017","doi":"10.1057/gpp.2012.35","title":"The Impact of Health Insurance on Health-care Utilisation and Out-of-Pocket Payments in South Africa","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Issues and Practice","topic":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Cape Town; European Commission; International Development Research Centre","keywords":"Payment; Business; Actuarial science; Health care; Cost sharing; Direct Payments; Cover (algebra); Propensity score matching; Health insurance; Public economics; Matching (statistics); Finance; Economic growth; Medicine; Economics; Nursing; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003080628,0.0001655132,0.0004658492,0.00007185376,0.000380967,0.00003416359,0.00009206928,0.00006487772,0.000003815442],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002932215,0.00009172233,0.00005324432,0.000142604,0.0001152278,0.0002219935,0.00002714304,0.0002290811,0.000005261988],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006570014,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004068932,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008112109,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001353978,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982714,0.0003553861,0.0007090822,0.00022941,0.00008213719,0.000352604],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981937,0.0003231798,0.001056977,0.0002804479,0.00003458972,0.0001110563],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004796568,0.0001051407,0.6660724,0.0002106392,0.00006574071,1.749201e-7,0.1000401,0.00004146753,0.000005584526,0.001742306,0.0001019568,0.2311349],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006128395,0.0007110033,0.9388933,0.0001078897,0.000001688649,0.000002499148,0.008956183,0.00003354628,0.000006832755,0.0002878514,0.05026266,0.0001236874],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.82793,0.1663816,0.000002858822,0.00264463,0.0002347673,0.0004177551,0.0002492822,0.000005567319,0.0021336],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.905812,0.09371016,0.00004306102,0.0002877056,0.00006510309,0.00001309167,0.000003492415,0.00001260368,0.000052771],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.272821,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.998493,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06001423279980932,"score_gpt":0.3337526820460349,"score_spread":0.2737384492462255,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}