{"id":"W2091489622","doi":"10.1364/ao.47.000h95","title":"Isaac Newton and the astronomical refraction","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Optics","topic":"Historical Geography and Cartography","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Refraction; Physics; Optics; Exponential function; Table (database); Mathematical analysis; Mathematics; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00179936,0.0007355862,0.0004560435,0.001752071,0.00283306,0.002407792,0.0003786069,0.00241442,0.003386569],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003490299,0.000470563,0.0003821772,0.0009968821,0.01050793,0.003477011,0.001561605,0.005993525,0.001179308],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004114266,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001854103,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009887896,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006796865,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988888,0.0004394948,0.00004737588,0.0001841352,0.0003561567,0.00008399685],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991251,0.0003938671,0.0001010652,0.00006207364,0.0002437159,0.0000741527],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000155017,0.000007652337,0.0002097605,0.00005272359,0.000005890546,0.00004474162,0.0008557368,0.0004269055,0.00009253137,0.9309947,0.04887094,0.01842296],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007695863,0.00001920856,0.0007098953,0.000191769,0.000004590206,0.00009669115,0.0002386777,0.0004408725,0.0001363945,0.3551753,0.6429538,0.00002511476],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01230513,0.3365227,0.02236624,0.1452253,0.02923548,0.00005229249,0.0001645435,0.0002015471,0.4539267],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4644474,0.1816195,0.03995502,0.02083124,0.03327771,0.000141792,0.0002087206,0.0002842748,0.2592343],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9971669,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02985126,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01141855512882998,"score_gpt":0.224836456173524,"score_spread":0.213417901044694,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}