{"id":"W2091489622","doi":"10.1364/ao.47.000h95","title":"Isaac Newton and the astronomical refraction","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Optics","topic":"Historical Geography and Cartography","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Refraction; Physics; Optics; Exponential function; Table (database); Mathematical analysis; Mathematics; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002401703,0.00005118925,0.00008222608,0.00002685404,0.0007277254,0.00001920391,0.00008530312,0.00006386132,0.00002203969],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001819075,0.0000382283,0.00005280491,0.0002032485,0.0008892786,0.00003914364,0.00001520416,0.0001233002,0.00002047326],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001703959,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002405047,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002217632,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000448592,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994684,0.00004055567,0.00008558687,0.0001066091,0.0001486744,0.0001502133],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996623,0.0001236844,0.0000331325,0.00009276483,0.00001607663,0.00007198872],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007774673,0.0000359554,0.002822176,0.000001398381,0.00001899631,5.315707e-7,0.007522159,0.00001358352,0.00004596961,0.9779403,0.005374438,0.006146808],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008312671,0.00002205952,0.00902837,0.000001350067,0.00003267563,0.000001255763,0.002923985,0.00003219235,0.00002963663,0.00715469,0.9798161,0.0001264294],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6352925,0.0003732176,0.0009596623,0.002510388,0.0003271769,0.0002942573,0.000001317531,0.00009211348,0.3601494],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980594,0.0003406725,0.000706579,0.0002017603,0.0002413288,0.00001542658,0.000001123883,0.000003924278,0.0004298022],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9744416,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5597149,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01141855512882998,"score_gpt":0.224836456173524,"score_spread":0.213417901044694,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}