{"id":"W2092069015","doi":"10.1007/s10441-008-9056-7","title":"Natural Kinds in Evolution and Systematics: Metaphysical and Epistemological Considerations","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Biotheoretica","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Metaphysics; Epistemology; Natural (archaeology); Natural kind; Context (archaeology); Property (philosophy); Perspective (graphical); Focus (optics); Philosophy; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Biology; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001367828,0.00008201354,0.0001606988,0.00007175966,0.0003937441,0.00005176587,0.00004641951,0.00003351225,0.000163673],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009329685,0.00006170302,0.000022204,0.00002285877,0.002689524,0.0001570136,0.00002616652,0.0001052252,0.00001449406],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002312537,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001816066,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001524763,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003192927,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993959,0.00006465346,0.0001518206,0.0001684382,0.00009977158,0.0001193869],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996235,0.0001788428,0.00003571688,0.00008735359,0.00002735404,0.00004724603],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005581132,0.00002633528,0.00007947927,0.00002358075,0.000005026333,0.000009810624,0.00525659,6.424382e-8,0.0003593249,0.9940311,0.0001914478,0.00001167376],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005127185,0.0002518595,0.004362914,0.0001121925,0.00003799157,0.000197194,0.0009968586,0.001803024,0.00006302886,0.9863286,0.00498422,0.0003493774],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9266787,0.001641495,0.00002487272,0.004673754,0.0003370747,0.0002440296,0.00001647368,0.00005920128,0.06632446],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99929,0.00001962741,0.0001875162,0.0001812005,0.0001148866,0.000006255623,0.000001434229,0.00000347364,0.0001955638],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0726114,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9909664,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0313260888546474,"score_gpt":0.2121895634930104,"score_spread":0.180863474638363,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}