{"id":"W2096550507","doi":"10.3386/w9584","title":"Does Education Improve Citizenship? Evidence from the U.S. and the U.K.","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":152,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Voting; Unobservable; Voter registration; Citizenship; Political science; Educational attainment; Turnout; Democracy; Politics; Voter turnout; Demographic economics; Public administration; Economics; Law; Econometrics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002010915,0.000227685,0.000397433,0.00115746,0.0008636708,0.001108797,0.0004503819,0.0008922959,0.0115311],"category_scores_gemma":[0.012719,0.000164955,0.0007521054,0.002183605,0.001515918,0.0008763219,0.001402533,0.0007171964,0.00119731],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001194949,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001271425,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.08428089,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.159539,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982883,0.0007399849,0.0001204347,0.0002137193,0.0001748646,0.0004626937],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9806703,0.006870312,0.007597649,0.001228859,0.001749297,0.001883619],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001837553,0.0004633272,0.9098154,0.0004531604,0.0005941244,0.0002177124,0.001335634,0.0004178083,0.0001448337,0.004083615,0.01112475,0.06951193],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007441978,0.0002387614,0.9906278,0.000156814,0.0002550216,0.00003924202,0.001135304,0.00005617586,0.0001416269,0.0004896277,0.006774988,0.00001032333],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9288449,0.01591566,0.000135569,0.0232151,0.0002141564,0.0000231908,0.001873383,0.00002311004,0.02975494],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9945022,0.003079908,0.00004283586,0.001046171,0.00004584,0.000004031161,0.0003002059,0.000003703437,0.0009749495],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08428089,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1675807,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2132603790455157,"score_gpt":0.4985707974268373,"score_spread":0.2853104183813215,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}