{"id":"W2098574494","doi":"10.1007/978-3-540-73580-9_31","title":"What’s Your Problem? The Problem of Problem Definition","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Lecture notes in computer science","topic":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Abstraction; Process (computing); Computer science; Mathematical optimization; Mathematics; Calculus (dental); Programming language; Epistemology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002547892,0.0006778266,0.0006756368,0.0007478791,0.0004092302,0.0009720688,0.004851084,0.0004681464,0.00002336939],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004362189,0.0004676626,0.0002464407,0.001086178,0.001226376,0.001345536,0.00169027,0.001118243,0.00006936384],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002638329,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008289774,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003869412,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001978378,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9950302,0.00007478034,0.0009286226,0.001615512,0.001377695,0.0009732447],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9962453,0.0006103022,0.0007581179,0.001539703,0.0006612787,0.0001853455],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008522296,0.00008096346,0.00005671684,0.0001624662,0.00002167956,0.00004128767,0.005214311,0.002743119,0.0001041061,0.4059148,0.00007954859,0.5855725],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004128043,0.0004502251,0.00009819492,0.001500307,0.00002409941,0.0001870672,0.000002831612,0.02490212,0.0015897,0.9608651,0.009069636,0.0008979576],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.00003094394,0.001671633,0.9377768,0.0008846102,0.001323734,0.001017381,0.000003153448,0.0001753846,0.05711635],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.03501507,0.0004503765,0.960146,0.001506797,0.000771943,0.00004949526,0.00001115832,0.00006949792,0.001979656],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5846745,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997775,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04329758274614545,"score_gpt":0.2620005646056397,"score_spread":0.2187029818594942,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}