{"id":"W2100727011","doi":"10.1378/chest.119.6.1691","title":"Gender Bias in the Diagnosis of COPD","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"CHEST Journal","topic":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","field":"Medicine","cited_by":399,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; COPD; Presentation (obstetrics); Bronchodilator; Pulmonary function testing; Physical therapy; Pediatrics; Internal medicine; Asthma; Obstetrics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006739768,0.0001020761,0.0002079868,0.0001671253,0.00006859906,0.00002401936,0.0002162066,0.00005467646,0.001494892],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003303143,0.00006566355,0.0001315375,0.0003793618,0.000149927,0.00008837321,0.00003936533,0.0005536702,0.00004200307],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002018768,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003207824,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002837136,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001003001,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985559,0.0001357641,0.0002921983,0.0001277299,0.0005806768,0.0003077258],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999136,0.0002101099,0.00009130356,0.0002500521,0.0001335094,0.000178973],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001387606,0.0004595739,0.9771152,0.0001627973,0.00005067329,0.001443199,0.0007629144,0.00001021889,0.0002221661,0.0001146826,0.004539311,0.01498055],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001389718,0.00006587191,0.9731365,0.00009924031,0.0000440618,0.001683391,0.001347395,0.00007662147,0.0003278569,0.000588432,0.02117687,0.00006408116],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9833352,0.00341464,0.00002897398,0.003003847,0.00009538035,0.00020636,0.000004575227,0.000005990692,0.009905058],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973135,0.001567266,0.000135106,0.0003054547,0.0004102071,0.00001672765,0.000003531402,0.00001530948,0.0002328965],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01663756,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994179,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1073138033816463,"score_gpt":0.3524434124527748,"score_spread":0.2451296090711285,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}