{"id":"W2103310599","doi":"10.3386/w13459","title":"How Does the Government (Want to) Fund Science? Politics, Lobbying and Academic Earmarks","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Corruption and Economic Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Australian Government; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Institutes of Health; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Politics; Government (linguistics); Public administration; Business; Political science; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0266422,0.0001626638,0.0002942929,0.0005610802,0.001173883,0.0004221217,0.0009189665,0.000275968,0.0004736206],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002961879,0.0001234333,0.00007736761,0.0002773982,0.001842384,0.0002806396,0.0005285709,0.0008182362,0.00006783496],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01000602,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01138849,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003072763,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002004892,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9945428,0.0001312472,0.0005448122,0.0005700188,0.003417066,0.0007940292],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970529,0.00104485,0.0002637407,0.0002186602,0.001048458,0.0003714036],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003927806,0.00004147838,0.00876539,0.00008879899,0.0001159183,0.000003092435,0.005932163,0.00002871509,0.0001320732,0.8804014,0.0317543,0.07269735],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001951748,0.0000305032,0.008693155,0.0001009744,0.000008552313,0.000007332367,0.009129342,0.00005360948,0.0001509425,0.04101282,0.9403356,0.0002820247],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04490792,0.0003317139,0.000009843172,0.02673074,0.001947811,0.0009199468,0.00008601608,0.00001487788,0.9250512],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9319382,0.003168186,0.0001294369,0.0001826943,0.00172376,0.00005106907,0.00001425047,0.00001875141,0.06277362],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9085813,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.994216,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.5091976251485798,"score_gpt":0.572709636612521,"score_spread":0.06351201146394114,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}