{"id":"W2103865800","doi":"10.1177/1555343414540172","title":"Comparing Cognitive Efficiency of Experienced and Inexperienced Designers in Conceptual Design Processes","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making","topic":"Design Education and Practice","field":"Engineering","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; University of New Brunswick","funders":"","keywords":"Creativity; Cognition; Conceptual design; Quality (philosophy); Computer science; Engineering design process; Design process; Design education; Process (computing); Psychology; Human–computer interaction; Engineering; Social psychology; Work in process; Operations management","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009228442,0.0005607714,0.0005209228,0.00269777,0.000320171,0.002765639,0.0005422186,0.000652693,0.001141722],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04731235,0.0003315513,0.0006839125,0.0008982705,0.0008332219,0.001435279,0.001428812,0.0004344197,0.0002400514],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005363313,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004748984,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004619591,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005466049,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9928565,0.003151743,0.0009139074,0.0008115552,0.001822502,0.0004437684],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9509082,0.03551758,0.004695048,0.00392827,0.003556206,0.001394649],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002061801,0.001594911,0.620039,0.0009132109,0.001121442,0.0004626674,0.04881405,0.01036506,0.03178814,0.002002364,0.0003828842,0.2804544],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002140921,0.002557002,0.9438522,0.0001630648,0.0003828683,0.001124893,0.01465866,0.01648701,0.01204383,0.004989985,0.003317298,0.0002090214],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9929345,0.0001692231,0.005011079,0.00001634059,0.000002656077,0.00002680129,0.00001654354,0.00001539254,0.001807425],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953523,0.000129758,0.003869086,0.00001561071,0.000003624467,0.00003445374,0.00005932543,0.00000780949,0.0005280311],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009228442,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04880524,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03648772234528918,"score_gpt":0.306836422491104,"score_spread":0.2703487001458148,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}