{"id":"W2106391441","doi":"10.1111/j.1536-7150.2005.00365.x","title":"Index Number Theory Using Differences Rather Than Ratios","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Economics and Sociology","topic":"Economic theories and models","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":145,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics; Index (typography); Value (mathematics); Economics; Price index; Econometrics; Revenue; Axiom; Producer price index; Variance (accounting); Profit (economics); Capitalization-weighted index; Statistics; Product (mathematics); Mathematical economics; Price level; Cost price; Microeconomics; Computer science; Series (stratigraphy); Mid price","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007063256,0.0001476169,0.0007013111,0.0001007035,0.0001000868,0.00004158156,0.0001919548,0.00008309791,0.0008800411],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003738742,0.0001481307,0.0001509096,0.00002457268,0.0006345276,0.0002484445,0.00004808131,0.0001883957,0.00004008999],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009191179,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005105873,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000061011,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000168231,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987287,0.00005051931,0.0007654362,0.000207393,0.000006833313,0.0002411159],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983334,0.0002132911,0.0011802,0.0001393523,0.00002717055,0.0001065822],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006702436,0.00003347464,0.05884261,0.000001892127,0.0001943138,0.00000101844,0.002358135,0.0007134576,0.000003597855,0.931484,0.0001395554,0.006160886],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009667413,0.0003434301,0.01009191,0.00001158358,0.00002307103,0.0001473855,0.003238021,0.00914567,0.000008763145,0.9371608,0.03841589,0.0004467706],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9910509,0.0007263811,0.002849834,0.0007396206,0.0002608137,0.00004571156,0.0000803422,0.000004038028,0.004242374],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9950212,0.001678779,0.001815297,0.0006953331,0.0004575959,0.000002005374,0.000001995417,0.00002045625,0.0003073235],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0487507,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9635833,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02847653661607304,"score_gpt":0.2371340133142591,"score_spread":0.208657476698186,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}