{"id":"W2106525269","doi":"10.1177/0306312708101047","title":"Ghosts in the Machine","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Social Studies of Science","topic":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","field":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics","cited_by":298,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Epistemology; Sociology; Computer science; Psychology; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["sts"],"domain":null,"study_design":"qualitative","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["insufficient_payload"],"domain":null,"study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"other","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005932746,0.0007268708,0.001184106,0.002718955,0.006461359,0.01200323,0.002236224,0.0048494,0.03151309],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04497321,0.000892218,0.00117039,0.002343209,0.02001795,0.02641843,0.008315044,0.004059004,0.008471666],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002440906,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002452544,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003158415,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002277352,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9946728,0.002466709,0.0002502964,0.001254594,0.0009682488,0.0003873536],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9760721,0.013516,0.001421563,0.00576999,0.002093432,0.001127005],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008438431,0.00001791562,0.001196965,0.0001116043,0.00002040584,0.0001569249,0.00248225,0.001766472,0.0002492238,0.9365602,0.02530181,0.03205175],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002714319,0.0000159194,0.0002938157,0.0001012343,0.00001705066,0.0002537041,0.0007212946,0.01104891,0.0003207335,0.8832572,0.1039056,0.00003742257],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05391525,0.01223754,0.4764117,0.08927527,0.005304598,0.0002155338,0.001357016,0.003560296,0.3577228],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6932657,0.004623659,0.1863356,0.009503772,0.003034691,0.0003195021,0.001206466,0.001934768,0.09977582],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9935386,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1054218,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.6703735872547739,"score_gpt":0.6599616248866972,"score_spread":0.01041196236807673,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}