{"id":"W2106956172","doi":"10.1037/0096-3445.135.2.133","title":"Instantiated features and the use of \"rules.\"","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Experimental Psychology General","topic":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","field":"Psychology","cited_by":46,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Categorization; Generalization; Feature (linguistics); Computer science; Focus (optics); Function (biology); Artificial intelligence; Concept learning; Perception; Natural language processing; Cognitive science; Epistemology; Psychology; Machine learning; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003121191,0.0001359995,0.0003096758,0.0001317387,0.00007046602,0.00002406963,0.0001520873,0.000130414,0.0004001749],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001674315,0.00008405543,0.0001552413,0.0001003803,0.0004148997,0.0001218938,0.00002422741,0.0002702142,0.000008976507],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001263611,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001100273,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001671203,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008791503,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986169,0.0003957547,0.0004969103,0.0001514657,0.0001578985,0.0001810247],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991812,0.0000823447,0.000422376,0.0001894717,0.00008021316,0.00004444217],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0119222,0.002486218,0.004768285,0.000009606102,0.0009930684,0.0004246113,0.008255426,0.00001668047,0.616271,0.1456309,0.2031424,0.006079684],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.08419328,0.004743962,0.5807377,0.0001367683,0.0007912209,0.01912571,0.0105427,0.00005537772,0.234518,0.01997071,0.04388008,0.001304457],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9775794,0.01079921,0.0001580756,0.0003444476,0.001215567,0.000112009,0.00001068241,0.000007592083,0.009772979],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995901,0.00005212983,0.001237696,0.001375102,0.0004504756,0.000005147879,0.000007755757,0.00001536841,0.0009552636],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5759695,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4381634,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03847420232955867,"score_gpt":0.345501545631102,"score_spread":0.3070273433015433,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}