{"id":"W2107464540","doi":"10.3115/1627328.1627331","title":"How is meaning grounded in dictionary definitions?","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Language and cultural evolution","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"HEC Montréal; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Vocabulary; Meaning (existential); Computer science; Point (geometry); Set (abstract data type); Simple (philosophy); Symbol (formal); Artificial intelligence; Natural language processing; Linguistics; Mathematics; Epistemology; Philosophy; Programming language","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005977972,0.0000315792,0.00003892883,0.00002547822,0.0004049133,0.00002586555,0.00004670626,0.00004006661,0.0004880585],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004205171,0.00002563386,0.00002513867,0.0002004827,0.00006861939,0.0003758329,0.00000801004,0.00004672439,0.00005448915],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000709519,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000341531,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005110696,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006494066,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995685,0.00003868925,0.00004792559,0.00007730195,0.0001509663,0.0001166093],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998739,0.00001795772,0.00001358415,0.00003690647,0.00002736881,0.00003022675],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008344092,0.00009204126,0.01396888,0.000003204026,0.00001035488,0.00005583209,0.1482771,0.000002395479,0.0004123666,0.8000583,0.03303661,0.004074555],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001515334,0.0001025518,0.176988,0.00005737328,0.00002172924,0.00007908703,0.4046528,0.0001832754,0.0006811445,0.1562334,0.2586412,0.0008440772],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3076215,0.0002131293,0.0001764893,0.007929271,0.0001143986,0.00008245368,0.00000136595,0.0001104967,0.6837509],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9862449,0.000221872,0.0003523018,0.000558166,0.0001124562,0.000005991355,0.000004639098,0.000001748145,0.01249789],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6786234,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7725878,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08026728545050815,"score_gpt":0.2767051765709174,"score_spread":0.1964378911204093,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}