{"id":"W2108580480","doi":"","title":"A Note on Why Quarter of Birth is Not a Valid Instrument for Educational Attainment","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","topic":"Youth Substance Use and School Attendance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Quarter (Canadian coin); Attendance; Identification (biology); Set (abstract data type); Natural experiment; Cutoff; Educational attainment; Monotonic function; Work (physics); Econometrics; Economics; Mathematical economics; Law; Mathematics; Computer science; Political science; Statistics; History; Engineering; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.08262409,0.0007883226,0.001884095,0.001693444,0.002036177,0.00405382,0.003085217,0.003877164,0.008779801],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2140221,0.0004855118,0.001220977,0.002874102,0.00783771,0.003905407,0.001759256,0.007737782,0.001700094],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001311835,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002218476,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01295831,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01063311,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9585182,0.02741861,0.003005888,0.004826359,0.005181811,0.00104923],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.7095177,0.2535629,0.01148854,0.01501039,0.009384784,0.001035602],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009689911,0.0002626723,0.2342705,0.0012489,0.001158039,0.001520289,0.01088904,0.002052435,0.001846459,0.4630463,0.1752249,0.1075114],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003933332,0.0008612299,0.1727164,0.002450291,0.0007573473,0.001812147,0.01234924,0.01670146,0.007835521,0.596605,0.1870489,0.0004690751],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.1599698,0.01426591,0.1829672,0.5645141,0.01267818,0.0005132927,0.004554878,0.0007460011,0.05979071],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8690069,0.002555429,0.04319954,0.06319573,0.004545514,0.0005920426,0.000924921,0.0004907175,0.01548922],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":"commentary","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08262409,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4369632,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03185698105904898,"score_gpt":0.2853973864855762,"score_spread":0.2535404054265272,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}