{"id":"W2109761887","doi":"10.1139/t06-014","title":"Rate-limited cation exchange in thin bentonitic barrier layers","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Geotechnical Journal","topic":"Landfill Environmental Impact Studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":46,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Bentonite; Montmorillonite; Sorption; Chemistry; Mass transfer; Adsorption; Cation-exchange capacity; Diffusion; Retardation factor; Ion exchange; Chemical engineering; Materials science; Geotechnical engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology; Chromatography; Composite material; Soil science; Ion; Soil water","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004529348,0.0001607428,0.00015532,0.0001498959,0.0002588276,0.00006482639,0.0002472061,0.0001303595,0.004067745],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008376406,0.0001432856,0.00006147045,0.0002863371,0.0002021587,0.0002675866,0.00005906117,0.0004339824,0.0004110895],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00209191,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005178108,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1298156,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1162693,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985183,0.00008934236,0.0003054062,0.0002148856,0.0002556283,0.0006164025],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991942,0.0000399383,0.00007579515,0.0001758369,0.000004795882,0.0005094094],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008547067,0.0004100555,0.6022173,0.00002368152,0.00006944218,0.002156668,0.001457016,0.1825999,0.05367711,0.0002301511,0.1395978,0.01747546],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007177631,0.00007652278,0.9419599,0.00002932378,0.00001980604,0.0002375726,0.00009251563,0.001889183,0.00112988,0.001666775,0.051802,0.0003787967],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9679369,0.000389232,0.0004831502,0.006271978,0.0002887165,0.000404481,0.00004295296,0.00004989497,0.02413264],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978808,0.00006527765,0.0001277138,0.001047523,0.00008829571,0.00001166234,0.000009065539,0.00001908013,0.0007505781],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3397426,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9968427,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008992859501886556,"score_gpt":0.2068603279848194,"score_spread":0.1978674684829329,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}