{"id":"W2110174637","doi":"10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104951","title":"The Commodification of Language","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annual Review of Anthropology","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":956,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Commodification; Modernity; Tourism; Ideology; Sociology; Capitalism; Salience (neuroscience); Commodity; Language ideology; Politics; Value (mathematics); Political economy; Linguistics; Political science; Economic system; Economy; Economics; Market economy; Psychology; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008176629,0.00003255283,0.0001202511,0.00001626307,0.0001754206,0.00000232967,0.0002122457,0.00004244931,0.0008792889],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001639799,0.00002183188,0.00004396909,0.0001194235,0.001567078,0.00002996579,0.00001360674,0.00008661467,0.00002240452],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00000409268,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001814575,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006279475,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002691806,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99937,0.000175253,0.0002075878,0.00005260179,0.00009608432,0.0000985078],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999137,0.0002778624,0.0001693765,0.0001872,0.0001955911,0.00003297688],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003875756,0.00007786956,0.00033384,0.0003650948,0.000009057567,1.412291e-7,0.05466386,1.332666e-8,0.0006681915,0.5975222,0.01431831,0.3320375],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003104216,0.00002017759,0.0006990137,0.00008512015,0.00000758366,5.652796e-7,0.0207527,5.206263e-7,0.0006696829,0.0002239271,0.9774817,0.00002802716],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3277737,0.1084478,0.00004259947,0.178485,0.004468094,0.001030349,0.00009605615,0.00005673165,0.3795996],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9196867,0.07834839,0.00009969607,0.0007926878,0.0001624009,0.000004784439,0.000004804305,0.000002819401,0.0008977307],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9631633,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9627597,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0336046988318407,"score_gpt":0.5146484160506066,"score_spread":0.4810437172187659,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}