{"id":"W2110658561","doi":"10.1017/s0922156511000653","title":"The End of ‘Modes of Liability’ for International Crimes","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Leiden Journal of International Law","topic":"International Law and Human Rights","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Complicity; Political science; Law; Legal doctrine; Doctrine; Liability; Criminal law; Human rights; Law and economics; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001903747,0.00008202071,0.0001745593,0.00009663915,0.0002069317,0.00005870091,0.0009339437,0.00005552366,0.0003995723],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008620089,0.00005611156,0.0002625522,0.00003201536,0.0006315131,0.0006661946,0.00004807239,0.0001152845,0.000004087547],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001286043,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001627343,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002867481,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000414388,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980129,0.0000909306,0.0007123069,0.00007092505,0.0009368248,0.0001761109],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9954926,0.0009202724,0.0008097013,0.00008995057,0.002612249,0.00007525833],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001347988,0.0001258321,0.003475517,0.000006367514,0.0002100068,4.557574e-7,0.001115202,0.00001879678,0.0006962387,0.9931663,0.0006424356,0.0004080986],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007334695,0.0001417194,0.007157138,0.0001221064,0.00005473038,0.0000142613,0.000719873,0.00004669981,0.02019702,0.4580382,0.5126402,0.0001345551],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5810584,0.0008036206,0.001803559,0.01116688,0.01220747,0.0003881003,0.0001385403,0.00001458772,0.3924188],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.989268,0.00004939713,0.001571679,0.00009720537,0.002065375,0.00000464697,0.000004585359,0.000007842237,0.006931258],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5351281,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4375037,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02690838445269957,"score_gpt":0.3480909324388775,"score_spread":0.321182547986178,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}