{"id":"W2116940887","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-937x.2009.00579.x","title":"Endowments, Output, and the Bias of Directed Innovation","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Review of Economic Studies","topic":"Economic Growth and Productivity","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Economics; Factor endowment; Production (economics); Capital (architecture); Endowment; Developing country; Point (geometry); Factor price; Factors of production; Labour economics; Econometrics; Macroeconomics; Microeconomics; Economic growth","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002677659,0.0001213692,0.0008480683,0.00007748554,0.00007638885,0.000007972862,0.0001954567,0.00002120593,0.00003329408],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007053132,0.00007664259,0.00009996608,0.0001432752,0.0002972479,0.0001006976,0.00006548929,0.00007092986,0.00003372302],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003823793,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001439761,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005494155,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005168705,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985569,0.00005316507,0.0010508,0.0002057733,0.00001305283,0.0001202989],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981811,0.0003021073,0.001091363,0.0003711123,0.00004297711,0.00001136228],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003930081,0.00002849141,0.007532049,0.001032577,0.0003626396,6.570189e-8,0.0006204016,0.000004235621,0.00000345827,0.9657753,0.005438671,0.01916277],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003495666,0.0002586016,0.09691526,0.002128923,0.0002112261,0.0000131567,0.0004284208,0.0003403251,0.0005019438,0.7847968,0.110316,0.0005937531],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2340196,0.7290643,0.00001553039,0.01391661,0.0003468182,0.0006949175,0.00005805983,0.00001560263,0.02186859],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7230197,0.275792,0.00005882626,0.0008065418,0.00006649399,0.00001838428,0.000002566585,0.000004828308,0.0002307077],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4890001,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3125394,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1153383091045492,"score_gpt":0.2873412119253299,"score_spread":0.1720029028207807,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}