{"id":"W2117905967","doi":"10.1007/s10670-005-4411-4","title":"Causal Realism: Events and Processes","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Erkenntnis","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":57,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria; University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Comic Relief","keywords":"Causation; Epistemology; Realism; Causal theory of reference; Metaphysics; Causal model; Philosophy; Causal structure; Causality (physics); Ontology; Mathematics; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007582814,0.00006960709,0.0000725508,0.00004062393,0.0003852095,0.00005219011,0.00009985609,0.00001617232,0.0008127565],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001866314,0.00006008228,0.00001410566,0.0000209374,0.0002594106,0.000363799,0.00002278159,0.00005254569,0.0001407939],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001521174,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002881624,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009313705,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001058593,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995129,0.000008330493,0.00008607376,0.0001448454,0.0001193232,0.0001285896],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997665,0.00001776301,0.00003169143,0.0000826,0.00004271844,0.00005874716],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003376534,0.0001779745,0.0003729617,0.0001303398,0.00002392608,0.0000101086,0.1043428,0.000004027233,0.0002278982,0.8125519,0.06381553,0.01830882],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001053365,0.00004399933,0.0002579421,0.00001473538,0.000006543495,0.000004435379,0.0002619468,0.00001198661,0.0000528259,0.008706227,0.9904319,0.0001020988],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.254728,0.001476544,0.00001086227,0.007280854,0.0005292397,0.0001258225,0.00004849235,0.0001539252,0.7356462],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9780544,0.00005495597,0.00009307593,0.0007041988,0.000853827,0.00000628771,0.000003011849,0.000005880129,0.02022438],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9266164,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8899114,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03840990935980051,"score_gpt":0.2249187677298174,"score_spread":0.1865088583700169,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}