{"id":"W2118418021","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00710","title":"Learners misperceive the benefits of redundant text in multimedia learning","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Psychology","topic":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","field":"Psychology","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Presentation (obstetrics); Narrative; Comprehension; Metacognition; Psychology; Multimedia; Computer science; Mathematics education; Cognitive psychology; Linguistics; Cognition","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008164832,0.000196514,0.0004029603,0.00036372,0.00006309962,0.000009409308,0.0004232007,0.000251032,0.0003040835],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004312886,0.0001570757,0.00007078854,0.0005765281,0.0004500388,0.0000504546,0.000046015,0.0008958312,0.0001637575],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002227672,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001780555,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001183406,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005572636,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976082,0.0007970795,0.0004358411,0.000521829,0.0001448662,0.0004921351],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991176,0.0002748594,0.0001945461,0.0003012591,0.00005915223,0.00005255868],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004221974,0.0002233596,0.3794342,0.00001854271,0.00004819027,0.000009666092,0.0106347,0.0002553099,0.0001270545,0.0006694726,0.006791634,0.6013656],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003853539,0.0008336642,0.9087161,0.0001411259,0.00002742749,0.00002881266,0.01368816,0.0009230979,0.0000829201,0.004337507,0.06696428,0.0004033572],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8779575,0.003170873,0.005730345,0.001968883,0.003326093,0.0003404602,0.000003546627,0.00006327025,0.1074391],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9954336,0.0001856981,0.001377542,0.001292456,0.0001290286,0.00006248595,0.000008111157,0.0000345675,0.001476458],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6009623,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6405362,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02254373005026678,"score_gpt":0.333626854600366,"score_spread":0.3110831245500992,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}