{"id":"W2124608756","doi":"10.1111/j.1540-5826.2011.00327.x","title":"Reading in English as a First or Second Language: The Case of Grade 3 Spanish, Portuguese, and English Speakers","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Learning Disabilities Research and Practice","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":64,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"","keywords":"Portuguese; Psychology; Linguistics; Reading comprehension; Vocabulary; Reading (process); Neuroscience of multilingualism; Comprehension; First language","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004822671,0.0001518931,0.0002254483,0.0001672018,0.000289382,0.0001139754,0.000166073,0.0001069173,0.003150829],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03061166,0.0001081413,0.00002680731,0.0003759876,0.0007174484,0.0004621954,0.0001610254,0.001143566,0.00002037558],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005139552,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007338142,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01119802,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001344472,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968749,0.001581506,0.0003524328,0.000419256,0.0002462063,0.0005257007],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9853508,0.01375875,0.0001167984,0.0003476032,0.0002710647,0.0001549893],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001485201,0.0002532631,0.03726541,0.0002148389,0.00009220489,0.00144667,0.9404919,8.264698e-7,0.000008514271,0.006273051,0.002012957,0.01045516],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006098494,0.0007078885,0.0138456,0.00009066261,0.00001386529,0.001253038,0.8543594,0.000009756694,0.00004203523,0.0003371526,0.1285711,0.0001596126],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8426349,0.0008356314,0.000001039822,0.0002822603,0.0001651231,0.000286808,0.000007794167,0.00003590231,0.1557506],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9773735,0.0002910109,0.0002874811,0.00005890854,0.0001398022,0.00007139653,0.000007723278,0.00002426435,0.02174589],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1347387,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9977604,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07924852210965934,"score_gpt":0.3963227216273194,"score_spread":0.31707419951766,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}