{"id":"W2126181372","doi":"10.1139/l09-042","title":"Membrane concentrate management options: a comprehensive critical reviewA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering","topic":"Freezing and Crystallization Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Bureau of Reclamation","keywords":"Nanofiltration; Reverse osmosis; Natural organic matter; Water quality; Membrane technology; Pollutant; Water treatment; Waste management; Environmental science; Membrane; Engineering; Environmental engineering; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002881675,0.00104727,0.002201597,0.004044109,0.0005078526,0.001966059,0.001222019,0.002256318,0.005839554],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00325972,0.0004761333,0.0009928528,0.003495509,0.0005257865,0.002697074,0.0006543763,0.001016151,0.001435387],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001791139,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003073626,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004017537,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008709976,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992282,0.0001563493,0.0001425574,0.00009918339,0.00031502,0.00005853177],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964268,0.001631395,0.0003536557,0.00004548688,0.001424471,0.0001182316],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002610122,0.0002017837,0.0003748774,0.03274641,0.0002571666,0.0004192938,0.0001680126,0.00104293,0.003127873,0.00182469,0.05322338,0.9063526],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000433179,0.000609687,0.002679252,0.0226203,0.0006661345,0.001233834,0.000430222,0.0003900196,0.002836453,0.001608448,0.9668055,0.00007687855],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000384923,0.9974598,0.0001292901,0.0008238395,0.000380812,0.00001920031,0.0000300778,0.000004002843,0.0007681848],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002016963,0.9955295,0.0005901069,0.0005080367,0.0003729964,0.00001799883,0.00007192952,0.000002797049,0.0008897095],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005839554,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01953524,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006192076939265719,"score_gpt":0.1871584338758941,"score_spread":0.1809663569366284,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}