{"id":"W2127678990","doi":"10.5402/2011/930460","title":"Rapid Filling Analysis of Pipelines with Undulating Profiles by the Method of Characteristics","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ISRN Applied Mathematics","topic":"Water Systems and Optimization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Water hammer; Pipeline (software); Column (typography); Front (military); Pipeline transport; Transient flow; Flow (mathematics); Grid; Mechanics; Process (computing); Geology; Water column; Computer science; Marine engineering; Geotechnical engineering; Structural engineering; Engineering; Surge; Mechanical engineering; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002543569,0.0001138831,0.0003580445,0.00008293732,0.00002369031,0.000008783035,0.0001157574,0.00004749521,0.00003175061],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001010244,0.00007104286,0.000046862,0.0003544273,0.00002478735,0.00002521317,0.00001538667,0.00005313874,0.000001065738],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007130538,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000455694,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001145182,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001018104,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992422,0.000008669951,0.0004370721,0.00007748509,0.0001303415,0.0001042211],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993724,0.00008854399,0.0002225679,0.0002383745,0.00006071728,0.00001741594],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009754871,0.0007846205,0.004592026,0.01125053,0.01019256,0.000003533334,0.1372533,0.6376157,0.116347,0.04620774,0.001626408,0.03402904],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001462526,0.00001931552,0.0002920235,0.0000869984,0.0008639789,0.000001701209,0.00145207,0.9118654,0.08476507,0.0002911871,0.00004729354,0.0001686869],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03847839,0.00002700532,0.9553584,0.000001749896,0.00002619155,0.0002112967,0.00003580657,0.0000535575,0.005807602],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6668938,0.00001045708,0.3329772,0.000002405814,0.00001442666,0.00001703458,0.0000224151,0.00002329917,0.00003895751],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6284154,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2897044,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02353107529286849,"score_gpt":0.2147834551565522,"score_spread":0.1912523798636837,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}