{"id":"W2129364433","doi":"10.1016/j.diin.2014.03.012","title":"OBA2: An Onion approach to Binary code Authorship Attribution","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Digital Investigation","topic":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Authorship attribution; Code (set theory); Binary number; Attribution; Information retrieval; World Wide Web; Programming language; Natural language processing; Arithmetic; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009937354,0.0001779352,0.0001489577,0.0001602676,0.0002304155,0.000677212,0.0005473612,0.0001491552,0.000002743032],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005108945,0.0001798672,0.00005104386,0.0007670402,0.00006560437,0.002513693,0.0001542032,0.0001862003,0.000384707],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001041006,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008344285,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008290155,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.614563e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982418,0.0002218187,0.0002969232,0.0005435988,0.0003620927,0.0003337482],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985574,0.00005382679,0.0001131771,0.0005182567,0.0001495875,0.0006077177],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001204352,0.00009800873,0.004844332,0.00002440474,0.000006133404,8.050258e-7,0.001313953,0.001360012,0.003482696,0.9604365,0.001413136,0.02700797],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005158249,0.0006384119,0.04800925,0.00008075844,0.00001118833,0.0000296922,0.00009013802,0.7429405,0.02823541,0.1463987,0.03209421,0.0009558902],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2290798,0.000009047469,0.7648439,0.001625399,0.0002953795,0.0002117937,0.00001545037,0.0004465427,0.00347268],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9715136,4.012456e-7,0.02625104,0.001151063,0.0001409001,0.00002817931,0.0005148539,0.00001288448,0.0003871366],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8140377,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7334773,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07222085393703048,"score_gpt":0.2798793971174146,"score_spread":0.2076585431803841,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}