{"id":"W2129364433","doi":"10.1016/j.diin.2014.03.012","title":"OBA2: An Onion approach to Binary code Authorship Attribution","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Digital Investigation","topic":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Authorship attribution; Code (set theory); Binary number; Attribution; Information retrieval; World Wide Web; Programming language; Natural language processing; Arithmetic; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005638445,0.002344837,0.0019313,0.01347886,0.002167991,0.005595443,0.003432627,0.002495188,0.01061486],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02030686,0.001037473,0.002515738,0.005578621,0.001900244,0.009082415,0.009773344,0.00299408,0.005661183],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001559914,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002383099,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003724997,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006826123,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9919528,0.001628775,0.0006049283,0.001755853,0.003197209,0.0008602796],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9883562,0.003182909,0.001566611,0.004519201,0.001800593,0.0005744665],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009929063,0.0005501937,0.02241216,0.0003882967,0.0003887706,0.001081411,0.0016366,0.01940351,0.009106222,0.06278166,0.04051956,0.8407387],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009099083,0.0002228888,0.005759291,0.0002429025,0.0001644539,0.001197484,0.0008105217,0.7247509,0.02076602,0.1558158,0.09002583,0.0001528805],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.02230486,0.0007239009,0.9254867,0.001162862,0.0005043003,0.0006452354,0.00226637,0.03005123,0.01685464],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2817112,0.000617424,0.6764323,0.00099894,0.0005968587,0.0007754001,0.00717754,0.003853606,0.02783695],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01347886,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03551018,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07222085393703048,"score_gpt":0.2798793971174146,"score_spread":0.2076585431803841,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}