{"id":"W2131192988","doi":"10.11575/prism/30296","title":"Spam, Phishing, and the Looming Challenge of Big Botnets","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PRISM (University of Calgary)","topic":"Spam and Phishing Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Botnet; Spamming; Phishing; Computer security; Computer science; Internet privacy; Looming; Spambot; Limiting; Malware; Lode; The Internet; World Wide Web; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000649085,0.0000598249,0.0001319801,0.00009640733,0.000132454,0.00001375183,0.0004369735,0.00005936318,0.000005724716],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002403815,0.00005626426,0.00005473759,0.0001491564,0.0001805759,0.0002395889,0.0002188658,0.0001153583,0.00000218591],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001410423,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001699769,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001085268,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005401367,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994236,0.0000405986,0.00008358942,0.0001539091,0.0001768311,0.000121423],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994141,0.0001349592,0.0001238709,0.0002409465,0.00003825562,0.00004783841],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001044374,0.00004318102,0.0007254606,0.00003510433,0.00003602398,0.00002118619,0.01200823,6.876667e-7,0.0004482618,0.05253531,0.0001993817,0.9338427],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01645265,0.001105499,0.2009384,0.0003886673,0.0002788226,0.00008738085,0.001324646,0.5833963,0.008864924,0.08337836,0.1024275,0.001356866],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1110876,0.0005088713,0.8736234,0.00108938,0.0001865701,0.00008417836,4.056447e-8,0.00003579435,0.01338419],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9750181,0.0001544417,0.02450448,0.00003759964,0.00001837756,4.146632e-8,2.302458e-7,0.00000302747,0.000263665],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9324859,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.229439,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01241068722386059,"score_gpt":0.1865947190986439,"score_spread":0.1741840318747833,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}