{"id":"W2134118445","doi":"10.1111/j.1540-5982.2011.01692.x","title":"Effective tax and subsidy rates on human capital in Canada","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique","topic":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University; St. Francis Xavier University; McMaster University; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Subsidy; Economics; Human capital; Investment (military); Labour economics; Bachelor; Personal income tax; Pace; Demographic economics; Public economics; Monetary economics; Tax reform; State income tax; Gross income; Economic growth; Market economy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001079872,0.0002628822,0.0004028478,0.003613796,0.0009469787,0.001741922,0.0006583268,0.0002583079,0.002695977],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005119503,0.0002020533,0.0004699978,0.005249906,0.0004400432,0.0003871881,0.000526168,0.0007285501,0.000239405],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.05431348,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.05280551,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9950044,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9961392,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983309,0.00007986196,0.00005794537,0.00009733145,0.0008103945,0.0006236111],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9942058,0.0004886325,0.0007544085,0.00012101,0.003775571,0.0006547112],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005184368,0.00009206353,0.8248306,0.0002382505,0.0002646075,0.0003359953,0.0007489889,0.03954803,0.0004488066,0.02355245,0.04430532,0.06511658],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003062515,0.00002177792,0.9628887,0.00007557237,0.00005044816,0.00006166559,0.0004444912,0.00696704,0.0005209666,0.0005024222,0.02840185,0.00003443364],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9056978,0.003435259,0.001181603,0.002608824,0.00006542484,0.00008360332,0.05349204,0.0002009568,0.03323462],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9726822,0.001549534,0.0005034359,0.0001226216,0.00001116717,0.00001650884,0.01132223,0.00001824462,0.01377408],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05431348,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3940737,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1025837498626493,"score_gpt":0.1850795183643598,"score_spread":0.08249576850171049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}