{"id":"W2136325012","doi":"10.5539/elt.v6n9p146","title":"A Corpus-Based Study of Malaysian ESL Learners’ Use of Modals in Argumentative Compositions","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"English Language Teaching","topic":"English Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Argumentative; Modal verb; Linguistics; Psychology; Modal; Mathematics education; Verb; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008188586,0.000220401,0.0004191301,0.000458574,0.0001147908,0.0001781973,0.0006534306,0.00007182881,0.00004530915],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009264415,0.0002137549,0.0000941272,0.0004083738,0.00004337695,0.001154311,0.0001960175,0.0008576245,0.000005338224],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006659457,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003471743,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006945227,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002060091,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972249,0.001084735,0.0005385675,0.0004218033,0.0003934528,0.0003366019],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980967,0.0007110364,0.0003286283,0.0006884977,0.00008277826,0.00009234097],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001210747,0.001519946,0.08652412,0.0000497739,0.00006722991,0.00008584875,0.8577805,0.03051536,0.008525082,0.001888006,0.00003672489,0.01299531],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008309298,0.002224157,0.06419653,0.00100874,0.0001007761,0.00001138796,0.6980331,0.2131629,0.01113765,0.0002097397,0.0001075766,0.001498156],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9769794,0.00008791974,0.02083781,0.00003985651,0.000131459,0.0005176634,0.000005143723,0.0002132589,0.001187535],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9726717,4.964005e-7,0.02703132,0.0000810025,0.00004738706,0.00004496465,0.00001387043,0.00002454714,0.00008467356],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1826475,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996676,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01491099691441173,"score_gpt":0.2624705648982983,"score_spread":0.2475595679838866,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}