{"id":"W2136710120","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0067918","title":"A Two-Minute Paper-and-Pencil Test of Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Numerical Magnitude Processing Explains Variability in Primary School Children's Arithmetic Competence","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLoS ONE","topic":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":184,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Thames Valley Children's Centre; Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Arithmetic; Competence (human resources); Arabic numerals; Numeral system; Working memory; Psychology; Mathematics; Computer science; Cognitive psychology; Cognition; Social psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005192674,0.0002535171,0.0006927775,0.0001025851,0.00007892155,0.00006794003,0.0001700197,0.00007421558,0.0002437474],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003748463,0.0002189241,0.00003670804,0.0002826445,0.0002185725,0.00033296,0.0002807936,0.0002837925,0.00004822678],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007933613,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001087435,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007556369,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001214947,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998093,0.0001006359,0.0005846602,0.0004140352,0.0004580353,0.0003496041],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977483,0.001459343,0.0001504499,0.0002305388,0.0001901667,0.0002211968],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008313733,0.03134016,0.8168336,0.008233518,0.000440182,0.00003838318,0.00387308,2.571326e-7,0.09012189,0.006433886,0.00007494694,0.04252692],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001475098,0.0001722263,0.8540742,0.002188692,0.0001627439,0.00003833863,0.0002012283,0.0007726385,0.006925822,0.133509,4.906922e-7,0.0004794636],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.993679,0.0001253907,0.0003723604,0.0003270609,0.000004138085,0.0009965843,0.00001256405,0.00005900327,0.004423844],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9125135,0.00004207425,0.08696831,0.0002138935,0.00002565685,0.0001472004,0.000004963283,0.00002405136,0.00006032954],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1270752,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8927464,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02527205999050131,"score_gpt":0.2388489643581768,"score_spread":0.2135769043676755,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}