{"id":"W2137224826","doi":"10.1177/0956797611405679","title":"What Constitutes Torture?","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Psychological Science","topic":"Torture, Ethics, and Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Torture; Interrogation; Psychology; Pain and suffering; Empathy; Psychological pain; Statute; Social psychology; Psychiatry; Law; Human rights; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007258623,0.0002607121,0.000455212,0.001165746,0.003313755,0.00381201,0.0004061681,0.002674813,0.005031036],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04148419,0.0001798346,0.0003128108,0.0006854557,0.008891044,0.005629366,0.001949823,0.002402911,0.0004828062],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001515504,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001443412,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002521343,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002835749,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9877814,0.008410915,0.0006497694,0.0007332462,0.001844717,0.0005800313],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.976433,0.01298188,0.006930777,0.001300604,0.001205469,0.001148295],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003853359,0.0006056922,0.2243709,0.0006496806,0.0002014897,0.001634932,0.1692652,0.0003727512,0.002049201,0.3828697,0.02332119,0.194274],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004801327,0.0006740576,0.2297163,0.002614336,0.0002307008,0.01188429,0.2086521,0.001963668,0.002267253,0.3321485,0.2096122,0.0001886358],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.720434,0.01110924,0.006526636,0.1188427,0.0005976885,0.00008051488,0.0001585103,0.00003876543,0.142212],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9907578,0.001779893,0.0006444794,0.005229128,0.0001179399,0.00001786231,0.00003434694,0.000006358995,0.001412146],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007258623,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03838772,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2029566313396167,"score_gpt":0.4363275946802347,"score_spread":0.2333709633406181,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}