{"id":"W2137224826","doi":"10.1177/0956797611405679","title":"What Constitutes Torture?","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Psychological Science","topic":"Torture, Ethics, and Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Torture; Interrogation; Psychology; Pain and suffering; Empathy; Psychological pain; Statute; Social psychology; Psychiatry; Law; Human rights; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002170828,0.00009521382,0.0001148275,0.00004586389,0.001033412,0.0002769676,0.0009973751,0.0001614748,0.002029452],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008487248,0.00006855845,0.00005486271,0.0005984385,0.008231003,0.001139586,0.00006658685,0.0002459539,0.0002537319],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000455933,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001178068,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003206185,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004651867,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980589,0.0001016077,0.0001529226,0.0004959679,0.000640817,0.0005498447],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990782,0.0001146204,0.00006035047,0.0002682187,0.000124154,0.0003544525],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001123468,0.0001615116,0.004389962,0.000001125332,0.000001992066,0.0000177077,0.01570161,1.40276e-7,0.0003446672,0.9575928,0.001480163,0.02029708],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002498214,0.000202218,0.1136857,0.0000344731,0.00000945858,0.000009985064,0.009432733,0.000003397742,0.0004932004,0.1532303,0.7221712,0.0004774534],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.121795,0.0004155888,0.0002692857,0.003254559,0.005733119,0.000194748,0.000001038792,0.0002172559,0.8681194],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9929484,0.0004101968,0.001493583,0.003254866,0.000256503,0.000008045947,2.463662e-7,0.000002547876,0.001625628],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8711534,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9988828,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2029566313396167,"score_gpt":0.4363275946802347,"score_spread":0.2333709633406181,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}