{"id":"W2137942298","doi":"10.1111/caje.12103","title":"The transatlantic productivity gap: Is R&amp;D the main culprit?","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique","topic":"Economic Growth and Productivity","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Productivity; Investment (military); Economics; Monetary economics; Econometrics; International economics; Economic geography; Macroeconomics; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001958566,0.0001754842,0.0003918574,0.001553124,0.0002824177,0.002368104,0.0004426708,0.0005978269,0.007399098],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006088336,0.0000874321,0.0004460697,0.002868256,0.0008145653,0.001663425,0.001337471,0.0009471402,0.001100466],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009443312,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006923441,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005910492,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003080873,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989948,0.0001775914,0.00008095599,0.0002420237,0.0002560579,0.0002485735],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9933851,0.002366655,0.002621186,0.0003860016,0.0007834276,0.0004575363],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005673125,0.0001464918,0.7582231,0.0005511118,0.0003755949,0.0009870835,0.001081989,0.003925524,0.003158866,0.06810942,0.007686767,0.1551867],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003767563,0.0001259234,0.9395598,0.0003957267,0.0001849066,0.000463498,0.003522331,0.004066691,0.003847959,0.02019605,0.02757237,0.00002704538],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9290291,0.02286239,0.003656884,0.01152312,0.0001437925,0.0000135856,0.001782147,0.00006081487,0.03092822],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970648,0.001285463,0.0002100396,0.000335039,0.00006143234,0.000002862945,0.0003124941,0.00000720014,0.0007207151],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007399098,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0247525,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1371061308781768,"score_gpt":0.1747369907366788,"score_spread":0.03763085985850201,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}