{"id":"W2138309378","doi":"10.1103/physreva.71.033816","title":"Angular momentum and the geometrical gauge of localized photon states","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review A","topic":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor; Lakehead University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Angular momentum; Quantum electrodynamics; Gauge (firearms); Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field; Photon; Gauge theory; Observable; String (physics); Singularity; Total angular momentum quantum number; Angular momentum of light; Vector potential; Operator (biology); Classical mechanics; Quantum mechanics; Gauge anomaly; Introduction to gauge theory; Angular momentum coupling; Geometry; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002142974,0.0001451484,0.0004617851,0.00002541438,0.00004097115,0.00001749008,0.0001506563,0.000009448471,0.0001990283],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002820573,0.00008647599,0.0001974465,0.000305945,0.0002176256,0.00007167106,0.0001140568,0.000128682,0.00004210357],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001323453,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000128125,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005057398,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.070257e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990567,0.00007523211,0.0002635446,0.0001700612,0.0002395762,0.0001949159],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993125,0.0001897011,0.0001215016,0.000251617,0.00004885436,0.00007588044],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001036998,0.001739239,0.001802887,0.001550653,0.0004422472,0.000002093642,0.0006628368,0.00003092614,0.001538096,0.8466278,0.005996769,0.1395027],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008586401,0.0004690612,0.0009566575,0.002076443,0.001349206,0.000004635296,0.0003008529,0.0245505,0.03077629,0.3616682,0.5680789,0.001182872],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9345522,0.05140233,0.001106596,0.003904112,0.00005632854,0.001173476,0.00006444737,0.0000301598,0.00771038],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966337,0.002404635,0.0002156145,0.0002955359,0.0002000703,0.0000580217,0.00001746426,0.00001402758,0.0001609266],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5620821,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3526389,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005561584305432563,"score_gpt":0.2654810161844787,"score_spread":0.2599194318790461,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}