{"id":"W2139383687","doi":"10.1177/1748895811432014","title":"Covert surveillance and the invisibilities of policing","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council","keywords":"Covert; Suspect; Law enforcement; Criminology; Field (mathematics); Public relations; Work (physics); Political science; Order (exchange); State (computer science); Sociology; Computer security; Law; Internet privacy; Business; Engineering; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006323787,0.0004040832,0.0003707773,0.002158278,0.008346494,0.005568441,0.0008916419,0.001356264,0.002013581],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02721136,0.0005021912,0.0002058656,0.001012001,0.03210757,0.004984797,0.008096165,0.002289578,0.0001515768],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003377441,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002709999,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00719911,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007171367,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9769145,0.01660411,0.0006763562,0.001090222,0.003264819,0.001450086],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9775044,0.01243705,0.005825172,0.002087689,0.00109144,0.001054128],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006216299,0.00004283742,0.0284009,0.0001393424,0.00002149911,0.0006940906,0.9046441,0.0001654775,0.000738546,0.04365171,0.0008883068,0.02055101],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001226897,0.0001569592,0.0425518,0.0007667353,0.00001914123,0.00215988,0.8870572,0.0005824821,0.0005404399,0.02427563,0.04182938,0.00004810617],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.930666,0.001724581,0.003316408,0.006315215,0.0000918172,0.00004044492,0.00001764675,0.0000140333,0.05781377],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990594,0.0002417316,0.0001727634,0.0001063496,0.00002311247,0.000007283732,0.000003855463,0.000003548921,0.0003818971],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008346494,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03344375,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1393511730419719,"score_gpt":0.3914840744617271,"score_spread":0.2521329014197552,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}