{"id":"W2139383687","doi":"10.1177/1748895811432014","title":"Covert surveillance and the invisibilities of policing","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council","keywords":"Covert; Suspect; Law enforcement; Criminology; Field (mathematics); Public relations; Work (physics); Political science; Order (exchange); State (computer science); Sociology; Computer security; Law; Internet privacy; Business; Engineering; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001360139,0.00009368781,0.0002067445,0.00005865769,0.0006166479,0.00002691594,0.0001984893,0.0001013279,0.00009640234],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001304025,0.00006989691,0.00004812389,0.00008176218,0.002156318,0.0002792994,0.00007741685,0.0001827225,0.00002169576],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003118835,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007610873,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.07997658,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005237763,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985127,0.0005691182,0.0002055848,0.0001220594,0.0001595164,0.0004310411],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972769,0.002195308,0.0001327803,0.0002014139,0.0000923827,0.0001012126],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001290398,0.00005092736,0.01358723,0.0001688557,0.00002652559,3.987505e-7,0.5676122,0.000004379484,0.000297059,0.4137868,0.0005964692,0.003740069],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001033742,0.0001031159,0.2550688,0.00003994658,0.001834634,0.00005694992,0.7132041,0.00005479871,0.0001610019,0.001925099,0.02621306,0.0003047312],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.967433,0.0006059602,0.0000985946,0.002297359,0.0005090414,0.0001135966,0.00000671921,0.00002861311,0.02890711],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996394,0.001058756,0.0001927626,0.001269217,0.0005446422,0.000007246863,0.000001237788,0.000006884178,0.0005252197],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4118617,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.92615,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1393511730419719,"score_gpt":0.3914840744617271,"score_spread":0.2521329014197552,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}