{"id":"W2141245446","doi":"10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.21","title":"E<scp>NERGY IN THE</scp>T<scp>WENTIETH</scp>C<scp>ENTURY</scp>: Resources, Conversions, Costs, Uses, and Consequences","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annual Review of Energy and the Environment","topic":"Global Energy and Sustainability Research","field":"Energy","cited_by":122,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Electricity; Consumption (sociology); Energy consumption; Economics; Fossil fuel; Variety (cybernetics); Economy; Natural resource economics; Business; Engineering; Computer science; Waste management; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002566542,0.0005295349,0.0009043573,0.000113245,0.0004529132,0.00007990577,0.0008663183,0.0002768822,0.0001805177],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00158556,0.0003344592,0.0002739175,0.0004335204,0.002403324,0.0002655089,0.0003702739,0.0004631783,0.00003926671],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001302836,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008692619,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005066968,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002891154,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9943187,0.002163576,0.0009110023,0.0007636121,0.0009508823,0.0008921929],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9946355,0.003777817,0.0002856244,0.0009461727,0.00006750285,0.0002873893],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001173131,0.001525761,0.003804122,0.003149197,0.0009045767,0.0004014609,0.01192214,0.003944582,0.0001123299,0.7609457,0.07258508,0.1405877],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001260721,0.0002247945,0.001514325,0.0006711878,0.0001158924,0.00005804368,0.00857556,0.0000609639,0.0001816516,0.00662915,0.9806383,0.00006944955],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.4666576,0.4363181,0.0000142848,0.001983192,0.0001480599,0.0007394111,0.0001011256,0.00004679635,0.09399143],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4240766,0.5553648,0.00004248746,0.003407851,0.00008599114,0.0001727334,0.00008845698,0.0000342282,0.01672677],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9080532,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999108,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007210603708117362,"score_gpt":0.2312115032973913,"score_spread":0.224000899589274,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}