{"id":"W2142538325","doi":"10.1017/jfm.2012.226","title":"When does a granular material behave like a continuum fluid?","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","topic":"Granular flow and fluidized beds","field":"Engineering","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Ejecta; Mechanics; Physics; Granular material; Projectile; Fluid motion; Classical mechanics; Astrophysics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008079181,0.0002186853,0.0007903648,0.0007614825,0.001142499,0.003936708,0.0007857921,0.002305847,0.002510651],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002782774,0.0004162177,0.0004116995,0.0004147663,0.005676474,0.005611162,0.001248646,0.0009866463,0.0005526077],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009885648,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000333288,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009981156,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004293061,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994289,0.0001108079,0.00002818421,0.0001348973,0.0001771667,0.0001199513],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993334,0.0001866559,0.0001305483,0.00009350714,0.00009628657,0.0001595985],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009928682,0.0002751793,0.02627917,0.0009283822,0.0002052686,0.005705243,0.002038678,0.04788843,0.1194189,0.7410722,0.01338714,0.04180849],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001483993,0.0002380003,0.01385819,0.0002452697,0.00005589072,0.001990807,0.002731271,0.1756875,0.02383153,0.7543498,0.02660791,0.0002554566],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8325231,0.007694814,0.08889898,0.01650036,0.002204496,0.0001205407,0.0002859953,0.000722382,0.05104923],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9938571,0.0006725301,0.002805839,0.0004616716,0.00014256,0.00001873466,0.00004735097,0.00004536863,0.001948981],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003936708,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00839889,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007399705384721926,"score_gpt":0.1979258307789561,"score_spread":0.1905261253942342,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}