{"id":"W2142701687","doi":"10.1111/j.0008-4085.2004.854954554284.x","title":"A cost‐benefit analysis of R&amp;D tax incentives","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique","topic":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":57,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Tax credit; Spillover effect; Welfare; Production (economics); Economics; Incentive; Microeconomics; Public economics; Investment (military); Revenue; Upstream (networking); Monetary economics; Business; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009743951,0.0003583099,0.001674698,0.003157696,0.0001532304,0.0001174859,0.0008487565,0.0002776209,0.0006292091],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002798474,0.00048675,0.0008424478,0.0006251435,0.0003030537,0.0006841999,0.00003597189,0.0003682829,0.0001223766],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002662651,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008711654,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2101717,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9501432,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963132,0.00001888588,0.002226967,0.00051337,0.000002153098,0.0009254618],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9954343,0.0001064304,0.002097257,0.0006171277,0.0001327826,0.001612118],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004537459,0.00003016015,0.04720013,0.00002803106,0.001465118,0.00002057889,0.001828054,0.02934248,0.000004470493,0.9195076,0.0001688903,0.0003591548],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001369524,0.0002153516,0.0297031,0.00006175879,0.0002402501,0.00008048955,0.0002998597,0.0008631873,0.0001086547,0.9426357,0.02377983,0.0006423449],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9858992,0.000680013,0.0005419793,0.001644385,0.001055592,0.0002371371,0.001946263,0.000006108489,0.007989338],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974943,0.0001219189,0.0009079759,0.0005888994,0.0003774475,0.00001340957,0.00004888743,0.00005504916,0.0003921395],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7399715,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997584,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1821990619691421,"score_gpt":0.2014870871357345,"score_spread":0.01928802516659245,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}