{"id":"W2143022143","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0139779","title":"Night-Time Light Data: A Good Proxy Measure for Economic Activity?","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLoS ONE","topic":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":511,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Ontario College of Art and Design","funders":"","keywords":"Proxy (statistics); Urbanization; Radiance; Population; Census; Econometrics; Population density; Geography; Environmental science; Sample (material); Scatter plot; Statistics; Physical geography; Mathematics; Demography; Economics; Remote sensing; Economic growth; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.000703928,0.0001679171,0.0002679185,0.00002647655,0.0001180367,0.00003836526,0.0004859176,0.00009165428,0.001238851],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004818885,0.0001509869,0.00003476617,0.00003904351,0.0000605071,0.0007785107,0.0002808197,0.0001155307,0.006413618],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005262793,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005965173,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000752207,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000074665,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984503,0.00004557943,0.0001770574,0.000444909,0.0003958048,0.0004863504],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987668,0.00003830931,0.0001089466,0.0007033266,0.000003292599,0.000379355],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001301548,0.01514832,0.4547827,0.000281065,0.0008078647,0.0000142267,0.002989922,0.00008866657,0.3663031,0.0003261875,0.1505325,0.00742387],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01313544,0.005182855,0.1866435,0.000319264,0.001175685,0.00001824087,0.0002016911,0.03655459,0.3251469,0.003518918,0.4244324,0.003670568],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9635132,0.0000524216,0.00008877724,0.006578377,0.0000693098,0.001042394,0.0001090738,0.00008301889,0.02846341],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9863013,0.00001709513,0.004160602,0.0002867003,0.0003643026,0.00007543346,0.00006715701,0.000045246,0.008682167],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2738999,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996741,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1082967753966894,"score_gpt":0.2610822997330872,"score_spread":0.1527855243363977,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}