{"id":"W2143684471","doi":"10.1109/wcre.2008.35","title":"Reverse Engineering CAPTCHAs","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"User Authentication and Security Systems","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":41,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"CAPTCHA; Bitmap; Computer science; Reverse engineering; Turing test; Thresholding; Process (computing); Software; Artificial intelligence; Operating system; Image (mathematics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005173157,0.00003690689,0.00004460046,0.00003688664,0.00003769409,0.00001927665,0.0002557446,0.00001539535,0.00002794558],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001013292,0.00003308268,0.00002144054,0.0001200703,0.000005782095,0.0001589736,0.00004055356,0.00002929624,0.0003729752],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008296528,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001293027,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002978635,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001592187,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996351,0.000006366512,0.00007545163,0.0001021914,0.0000961998,0.00008467215],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996609,0.0000113121,0.00001111719,0.0002493966,0.00001989045,0.00004737528],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000133207,0.0001464854,0.002814041,0.00004022581,0.0000369187,0.0001329317,0.1533039,0.00006612579,0.005244933,0.7763465,0.0598814,0.001985191],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002588292,0.00001834299,0.004073582,0.000008731293,0.000001335822,0.0002241375,0.00004365773,0.7927676,0.002551043,0.0003350511,0.199487,0.0002306082],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.09668094,0.00005068913,0.8924189,0.001761294,0.0005235021,0.00009592821,2.562758e-7,0.0005769757,0.007891494],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9901748,0.000003816723,0.006443979,0.0002517427,0.00002218813,0.000002640882,2.30484e-7,0.000002114876,0.00309845],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8934939,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4793966,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01972934576792812,"score_gpt":0.1890857405064096,"score_spread":0.1693563947384815,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}