{"id":"W2143684471","doi":"10.1109/wcre.2008.35","title":"Reverse Engineering CAPTCHAs","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"User Authentication and Security Systems","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":41,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"CAPTCHA; Bitmap; Computer science; Reverse engineering; Turing test; Thresholding; Process (computing); Software; Artificial intelligence; Operating system; Image (mathematics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003361219,0.001867356,0.0007643758,0.001733424,0.001270791,0.002546797,0.002379182,0.002059011,0.009524928],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0323795,0.0008871847,0.001415806,0.001627279,0.002331943,0.002865293,0.002203308,0.002245375,0.003978807],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009800689,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00121169,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001316037,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00167525,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9951603,0.001270555,0.0004148718,0.0009163955,0.001937243,0.0003006666],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9754217,0.012349,0.001580795,0.006109145,0.004349969,0.0001893271],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003599396,0.0002250991,0.002746639,0.00208365,0.0002003895,0.001494533,0.002830351,0.06902197,0.08365335,0.08233085,0.02331759,0.7317356],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001024487,0.00056522,0.001480842,0.0005040677,0.0002200251,0.003060866,0.001268678,0.3780347,0.2869756,0.07742733,0.2501609,0.0001993274],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02150493,0.0003147407,0.9590762,0.0003715011,0.0002399755,0.0005728207,0.0003069107,0.007010824,0.01060209],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1480242,0.0004262782,0.8355601,0.0004298865,0.00006541794,0.000683874,0.001090716,0.002723481,0.01099608],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.009524928,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03186411,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01972934576792812,"score_gpt":0.1890857405064096,"score_spread":0.1693563947384815,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}