{"id":"W2143917621","doi":"10.1614/ws-d-13-00161.1","title":"Agricultural Weed Research: A Critique and Two Proposals","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weed Science","topic":"Weed Control and Herbicide Applications","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":41,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada","funders":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","keywords":"Weed; Agriculture; Weed science; Weed control; Ecology; Engineering ethics; Sociology; Agroforestry; Biology; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001781911,0.00009904583,0.0001249748,0.00002925737,0.001035314,0.0002870144,0.000524001,0.00004163348,0.00006973475],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003112094,0.00003350186,0.00003038272,0.001100607,0.0008248982,0.0002956476,0.0001660024,0.0001832396,0.00009481866],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000244948,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002036142,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01031935,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001288533,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983149,0.0001150788,0.0001530625,0.0004472969,0.0004755897,0.0004940454],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990261,0.000305866,0.00003586948,0.0000889916,0.0003141209,0.0002290302],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002941865,0.00001943673,0.00006073928,0.000001365458,8.011421e-7,2.387939e-7,0.00004906873,4.414148e-7,0.9278009,0.03549312,0.0002664136,0.03630453],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002742423,0.0003216602,0.8965546,0.00002288998,0.000007148722,0.0000224211,0.0007449666,0.0006331614,0.01544763,0.02379161,0.06188937,0.0002902324],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9700712,0.00007524107,0.00001303864,0.008736856,0.00004323696,0.0004748967,0.000005095391,0.00008579074,0.02049463],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982884,7.821423e-7,0.0002729177,0.0003504571,0.0002549121,0.0001822107,0.00000342572,5.391966e-7,0.0006463716],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9123533,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.996271,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04028033036851835,"score_gpt":0.3305921868147079,"score_spread":0.2903118564461895,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}