{"id":"W2144194206","doi":"10.5539/eer.v4n1p85","title":"Characterization of Inorganic Elements in Woody Biomass Bottom Ash from a Fixed-bed Combustion System, a Downdraft Gasifier and a Wood Pellet Burner by Fractionation","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy and Environment Research","topic":"Coal and Its By-products","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Northern British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Northern British Columbia","keywords":"Bottom ash; Combustion; Pellets; Pellet; Combustor; Bioenergy; Wood gas generator; Biomass (ecology); Boiler (water heating); Fraction (chemistry); Environmental science; Particle size; Pulp and paper industry; Fly ash; Environmental chemistry; Waste management; Materials science; Biofuel; Chemistry; Coal; Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006171625,0.00009557013,0.000132099,0.00014128,0.0001212708,0.0000390331,0.00007515428,0.00008363241,0.0005538751],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002724539,0.00008195412,0.0000103905,0.0001739865,0.00008298718,0.0001994091,0.00003522283,0.0001196115,0.00002249836],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001575218,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001150468,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003640546,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004009397,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986223,0.0002387883,0.0002154601,0.0003139702,0.0004016861,0.0002078097],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996224,0.00008739988,0.0000683264,0.0001308538,0.00001651527,0.00007447712],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002064427,0.0001811282,0.4100227,0.00009997625,0.00004128924,0.000003606937,0.0004814693,0.00008507122,0.5294731,0.0002531482,0.0003592478,0.05879286],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00096412,0.0002948198,0.9345689,0.00005958438,0.00001114352,0.000003301306,0.0002443494,0.01018905,0.03527561,0.0002699252,0.01792728,0.0001918641],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.998608,0.0002695229,0.0001675401,0.0004563393,0.00005179194,0.0001096327,0.00005170911,0.000007348863,0.0002781101],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978689,0.0006708379,0.00005398793,0.00002133961,0.00006638423,0.000004627159,0.0009137712,0.000003619729,0.0003965215],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5245463,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6064543,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01271420656433689,"score_gpt":0.2072855897525651,"score_spread":0.1945713831882282,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}