{"id":"W2144433707","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2222608","title":"How Pervasive is Corporate Fraud?","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":151,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Demise; Exploit; Scrutiny; Business; Equity (law); Accounting; Financial fraud; Computer security; Computer science; Law; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006448808,0.0002872953,0.0006536779,0.005835956,0.002269635,0.01351941,0.0009639045,0.005082809,0.006953538],"category_scores_gemma":[0.08211779,0.0004723697,0.0004693985,0.004165115,0.009640502,0.01818973,0.003467898,0.005185588,0.001152213],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002311422,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002616547,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004322319,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004999871,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9921262,0.003300269,0.0005359872,0.001118207,0.001926982,0.0009923409],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9228866,0.04386437,0.0155719,0.003761407,0.008683153,0.005232575],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003317474,0.0003350156,0.4338285,0.0006969535,0.0003892061,0.001954145,0.01487318,0.0008388708,0.0007569851,0.184122,0.04076715,0.3211063],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004584956,0.000153459,0.2409563,0.002357922,0.0002858994,0.00908494,0.06745525,0.001893556,0.0006417297,0.5359755,0.1410153,0.0001342552],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4694746,0.03591943,0.007584044,0.3737968,0.001853491,0.00005341229,0.0007778535,0.0001245563,0.1104159],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9799665,0.008317853,0.0004872569,0.00737024,0.001886489,0.00001109421,0.000107978,0.00002775284,0.001824823],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01351941,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03410494,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009227753107079253,"score_gpt":0.183832250750307,"score_spread":0.1746044976432277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}