{"id":"W2144433707","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2222608","title":"How Pervasive is Corporate Fraud?","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":151,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Demise; Exploit; Scrutiny; Business; Equity (law); Accounting; Financial fraud; Computer security; Computer science; Law; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007865964,0.0002918463,0.0002545838,0.0002113001,0.0004424393,0.001381034,0.0006120323,0.00007895647,0.0008032005],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001284606,0.0002646388,0.0001646208,0.0004634547,0.00006623448,0.002842856,0.0002147526,0.001664225,0.002557782],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004028343,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002572766,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004609928,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002645445,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963648,0.00001666433,0.0002836832,0.0003519024,0.0005354462,0.002447534],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9876337,0.00002044639,0.01171266,0.0002584787,0.0003476935,0.00002700248],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003037297,0.0001119821,0.05860354,0.00008887677,0.0004443873,0.00003179726,0.0001476696,0.00005473138,0.0007973172,0.4767747,0.06607571,0.396839],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00120174,0.00007100354,0.01759992,0.00007295188,0.0001192025,0.00007901341,0.003108302,0.0008362802,0.00005891095,0.5594996,0.4166378,0.0007152794],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7139465,0.001435366,0.2327807,0.03045224,0.0008157156,0.0006408807,0.000001763239,0.0002606076,0.01966628],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9613565,0.0006575384,0.00008698558,0.003956078,0.002363994,0.00002054249,0.000005730652,0.00006497418,0.03148771],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3961237,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999806,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009227753107079253,"score_gpt":0.183832250750307,"score_spread":0.1746044976432277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}