{"id":"W2145740102","doi":"10.1177/13670069060100010501","title":"Language learners' use of discourse markers as evidence for a mixed code","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Bilingualism","topic":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"German; Code-switching; Neuroscience of multilingualism; Linguistics; Focus (optics); Language transfer; First language; Code (set theory); Psychology; Computer science; Comprehension approach; Natural language","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00656152,0.0003275987,0.0007171954,0.002623469,0.001976081,0.004643889,0.0006619062,0.0008402614,0.00302631],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02651129,0.0004159945,0.0001931071,0.001250591,0.004750846,0.003645821,0.005391533,0.001632994,0.000315895],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006274308,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001135981,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002390841,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003724778,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9934915,0.003188904,0.0004956085,0.0007454987,0.001569032,0.000509446],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.962234,0.02530615,0.005378725,0.003035336,0.002731707,0.001314007],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005521806,0.0002132231,0.2515317,0.0002769853,0.00004635126,0.001013511,0.6692327,0.0001622382,0.0300103,0.01051176,0.0002445728,0.03620439],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007415681,0.0008861256,0.4534218,0.0002832972,0.00009695441,0.00320308,0.4906004,0.002552196,0.02304815,0.01140248,0.01429026,0.0001411347],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9948865,0.00007244968,0.001075993,0.0001082042,0.000003208149,0.00001391867,0.00002386588,0.00001322507,0.003802681],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988263,0.00004396145,0.0006418009,0.00002006703,0.000002495117,0.00002274819,0.00002401296,0.000008573084,0.0004099985],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00656152,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03470105,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07795135994697912,"score_gpt":0.3734367199950236,"score_spread":0.2954853600480445,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}