{"id":"W2147637974","doi":"10.1103/physrevaccelbeams.19.021303","title":"Direct longitudinal laser acceleration of electrons in free space","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Accelerators and Beams","topic":"Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Agency for Science, Technology and Research","keywords":"Laser; Electron; Ultrashort pulse; Femtosecond; Acceleration; Axicon; Particle accelerator; Ultrafast electron diffraction","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009373372,0.000157085,0.0003577973,0.0000386791,0.00004310118,0.00002732539,0.000116058,0.00001898897,0.000603607],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005671873,0.000100628,0.0001034788,0.0002125503,0.00004993215,0.0003140664,0.00005997163,0.00009810687,0.00004906999],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002007428,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003461749,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002378982,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002804231,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991309,0.00004076124,0.0002519474,0.0002343935,0.0001241921,0.0002177828],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992492,0.0002503213,0.0001124335,0.0002365238,0.00007127364,0.00008027428],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001198214,0.005574761,0.3483408,0.001604962,0.0003623258,0.0000143964,0.0001984861,0.00005272753,0.04079876,0.2415377,0.07182214,0.2895731],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004580213,0.001011351,0.06694079,0.01095116,0.0005536335,0.000006341839,0.00007946166,0.0002956601,0.6918909,0.04990712,0.172011,0.001772393],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.985594,0.001342353,0.0006585354,0.00182298,0.0001334476,0.0003459894,0.00009410775,0.00001795214,0.009990617],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972472,0.002030228,0.00007989682,0.00005630105,0.0002141673,0.00005423791,0.000009351803,0.00001263332,0.0002960324],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6510921,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6609073,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01498584472682339,"score_gpt":0.2879057206176859,"score_spread":0.2729198758908625,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}