{"id":"W2148089962","doi":"10.1111/j.1369-6866.2004.00296.x","title":"Ideas, private institutions and American welfare state ‘exceptionalism’: the case of health and old‐age insurance, 1915–1965","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Social Welfare","topic":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":128,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Social policy; Legislation; Welfare state; Social security; Exceptionalism; Scholarship; State (computer science); Welfare; Norm (philosophy); Social Welfare; Political science; Social insurance; Public administration; Sociology; Economics; Law and economics; Public economics; Law; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006145944,0.0001098581,0.0002770259,0.0001205397,0.001855512,0.00007601337,0.0002366735,0.00004597535,0.000009598964],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002325899,0.00007952255,0.0001103692,0.0002379255,0.001830008,0.0002676471,0.0000840807,0.0002211206,4.802349e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001732367,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002667131,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009567918,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00402572,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985713,0.0001749713,0.0004797874,0.0001049113,0.0004685205,0.0002004528],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986655,0.00005468588,0.000688784,0.00004266421,0.0004359526,0.0001124779],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006322764,0.00008292015,0.005189189,0.00001677575,0.0002882839,0.0002051949,0.06314924,0.00003417762,0.000006883976,0.8914105,0.0000916549,0.03946191],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003021745,0.0003617745,0.577141,0.0001705423,0.00006269445,0.0007319016,0.1618199,0.000001302355,0.000009517938,0.1161505,0.1401092,0.0004198722],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8563561,0.0003916147,0.00003427032,0.1415603,0.0004464135,0.0001207038,0.0001466497,0.00001091216,0.0009330192],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997257,0.001278358,0.00008562925,0.0006729818,0.0006296705,0.000003850375,0.000003899872,0.000007313977,0.00006132314],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.77526,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994439,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02826186918742041,"score_gpt":0.3689584431950538,"score_spread":0.3406965740076334,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}