{"id":"W2148801357","doi":"10.1002/dys.244","title":"A comparative study of adults with and without self‐reported learning disabilities in six English‐speaking populations: What have we learned?","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Dyslexia","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Literacy; Educational attainment; Dyslexia; Learning disability; Reading (process); Adult literacy; Population; Perspective (graphical); Medical education; Developmental psychology; Pedagogy; Medicine; Demography; Political science; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003751976,0.000186889,0.0003843955,0.0001619843,0.00009328109,0.00007812429,0.00006253945,0.00005945846,0.000105579],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001573321,0.0001555528,0.00001966901,0.0002230425,0.00007454028,0.000301954,0.00002059034,0.0002630075,0.000005673975],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004958384,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002612149,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004593748,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008144508,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99827,0.0004315504,0.0004639391,0.0004048828,0.0001918679,0.0002378083],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991935,0.0001771977,0.0002214798,0.0002312655,0.0001225332,0.00005395629],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001322663,0.0003278723,0.5627874,0.00001436055,0.00008622104,0.000005632334,0.4351245,0.000186393,0.000001759793,0.0006085806,0.00000871467,0.0007163549],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00271771,0.0005918771,0.4068838,0.0003838435,0.00004037939,0.00001828443,0.5867882,0.0002505499,0.0000194659,0.0001046515,0.001963559,0.0002376349],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9915175,0.0004229587,0.00002201402,0.00001979258,0.0001825174,0.0005530988,6.556925e-7,0.0000648498,0.007216614],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981934,0.00001489836,0.0009389421,0.00001166578,0.00001828057,0.00009042263,0.000009665436,0.00001882764,0.000703837],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1559036,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.634326,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0627529122700378,"score_gpt":0.3565368926344138,"score_spread":0.293783980364376,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}