{"id":"W2149898337","doi":"10.1111/j.1540-4781.2006.00462.x","title":"Speaking Foreign Languages in the United States: Correlates, Trends, and Possible Consequences","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Modern Language Journal","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Foreign language; Quarter (Canadian coin); Immigration; German; Metropolitan area; First language; Psychology; Political science; Linguistics; Geography; Pedagogy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009023692,0.00008727809,0.00009856361,0.0002712161,0.0004197326,0.0003045345,0.0002015318,0.00005822092,0.0002994816],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001219267,0.00005953513,0.00003317919,0.0003867517,0.0002170666,0.0001450661,0.00001134273,0.0002763721,0.000005223334],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005323045,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001279817,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.05606428,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0195708,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988461,0.0003194212,0.0002006057,0.00009946225,0.0002521532,0.0002822907],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99951,0.0001824274,0.0001128383,0.00008249721,0.00004231892,0.00006985419],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002482205,0.0001306877,0.02804401,0.00001119343,0.0000166962,0.0003889313,0.837043,0.0008776092,0.0002132586,0.01754836,0.003645164,0.1120562],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001230936,0.00006538132,0.03889845,0.0001371452,0.00003957561,0.0004868099,0.8836051,0.005633297,0.00009864851,0.02198768,0.0473779,0.0004390508],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9383856,0.002210288,0.0001122707,0.003055722,0.00008618404,0.00006245457,0.000007222625,0.0000252771,0.05605495],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996096,0.0002030105,0.0001818589,0.0009538031,0.0004665338,0.000002331182,0.00001962783,0.000007238881,0.002069659],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1116172,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9983195,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03764289107494047,"score_gpt":0.3994497021486734,"score_spread":0.361806811073733,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}