{"id":"W2151706470","doi":"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.12.001","title":"Conventional models overestimate the statistical significance of volume–outcome associations, compared with multilevel models","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","topic":"Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment","field":"Medicine","cited_by":75,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; University of Toronto; University Health Network","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences","keywords":"Multilevel model; Statistics; Regression analysis; Confidence interval; Medicine; Volume (thermodynamics); Linear regression; Outcome (game theory); Statistical model; Regression; Statistical significance; Random effects model; Meta-analysis; Mathematics; Internal medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1657404,0.002796758,0.004977055,0.002495384,0.001861211,0.005622779,0.005045002,0.002959862,0.01165914],"category_scores_gemma":[0.4206489,0.001681296,0.005383684,0.005053585,0.00296963,0.00680897,0.003709626,0.009780333,0.003243275],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001330275,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002174495,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006323502,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01149309,"domain_scores_codex":[0.7663884,0.2012324,0.007164165,0.01635926,0.006315912,0.002539835],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.29746,0.647647,0.01482215,0.03503732,0.003762256,0.001271183],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.006931735,0.0007328052,0.5744162,0.0040987,0.06141694,0.001774009,0.002869021,0.07278389,0.002542019,0.05088233,0.04531203,0.1762404],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001680917,0.002469594,0.2116702,0.001030514,0.01689298,0.004128701,0.001664793,0.3680173,0.002590582,0.3626854,0.02672898,0.0004400708],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2050588,0.007099247,0.7527124,0.01222473,0.003733824,0.001107928,0.00690865,0.003149854,0.008004551],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8822323,0.00114542,0.1030799,0.005160931,0.001461241,0.001105859,0.002603165,0.0007071119,0.002504058],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8342596,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8765298,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4286165118154147,"score_gpt":0.5443587068446052,"score_spread":0.1157421950291905,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}