{"id":"W2152612388","doi":"10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.229","title":"Ground Penetrating Radar for Environmental Applications","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","topic":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","field":"Engineering","cited_by":209,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Ground-penetrating radar; Hydrogeology; Geology; Radar; Remote sensing; Subsurface flow; Permeability (electromagnetism); Environmental science; Soil science; Groundwater; Geotechnical engineering; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001618254,0.00005341183,0.0001005861,0.00001247505,0.00008605912,0.000007214978,0.00007441203,0.00001142972,0.00003235164],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005083564,0.00004298224,0.00002285276,0.00008486582,0.00007980387,0.00008369229,0.000005137613,0.00002742325,0.000007395592],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":4.977948e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004290559,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007427116,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003638322,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996122,0.000009083014,0.0001219447,0.00009499873,0.00006819067,0.00009362371],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997517,0.0001206053,0.00002312363,0.0000588067,0.00000416388,0.00004152873],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002450504,0.00003880233,0.00310753,0.002678923,0.00001935946,5.040308e-7,0.00007376471,0.00008511508,0.005466552,0.003373147,0.0005106558,0.9846432],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000118697,0.0002087996,0.118298,0.0005283167,0.00004054208,0.00002255016,0.0001904446,0.001214075,0.0001025854,0.0016459,0.8773934,0.0002367015],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4596695,0.4928754,0.01378144,0.001002301,0.0001396558,0.003112703,0.001220337,0.000138909,0.02805979],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6560044,0.2351624,0.1067651,0.0009956968,0.0002593674,0.0001736657,0.0003547193,0.00001211157,0.000272497],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9844065,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1752765,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01554305378569512,"score_gpt":0.2574054421559174,"score_spread":0.2418623883702223,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}