{"id":"W2153832952","doi":"10.3386/w12478","title":"First Do No Harm?: Tort Reform and Birth Outcomes","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"York University","keywords":"Tort; Incentive; Tort reform; Damages; Harm; Birth records; Public economics; Actuarial science; Economics; Business; Law and economics; Law; Political science; Microeconomics; Liability; Pregnancy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.004177814,0.00008472792,0.0002387769,0.0002053342,0.0003800277,0.00001557682,0.0001882222,0.0001646783,0.004645623],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002212946,0.00006690292,0.00004251632,0.00008299878,0.0002120644,0.0002249334,0.0001432117,0.000569285,0.00133737],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006597953,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005503774,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008932047,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009401004,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980721,0.0002278708,0.0005412532,0.0002543456,0.0005439466,0.0003604784],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9955087,0.003473963,0.000127352,0.0001982702,0.000571584,0.0001201155],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000832135,0.00009349768,0.2390058,0.0002607973,0.00002467749,0.000001104565,0.0002328561,0.000007321347,0.00002648506,0.7011192,0.05899031,0.0001547479],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001132389,0.0001244912,0.2491708,0.00009416703,0.000005156201,0.000001103032,0.001219823,0.0003352028,0.00002526518,0.2730393,0.4747171,0.0001351254],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3736951,0.0001366644,0.000001566474,0.0306075,0.0002762091,0.0005132776,0.00003115819,0.00002051541,0.594718],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9773606,0.0001188645,0.0002939649,0.0002077968,0.000668439,0.00009106821,0.00003312637,0.00001145792,0.02121467],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6036655,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994402,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3116258645990475,"score_gpt":0.5867857387515583,"score_spread":0.2751598741525108,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}