{"id":"W2154736920","doi":"10.1002/cjce.5450800203","title":"Modified volume expansion method for measuring gas holdup","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","field":"Engineering","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Airlift; Volume (thermodynamics); Mechanics; Dissipation; Volume expansion; Significant difference; Tube (container); Materials science; Bioreactor; Chromatography; Chemistry; Mathematics; Thermodynamics; Physics; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008746164,0.0005985724,0.0004275797,0.001616324,0.0003292239,0.0004636713,0.001078346,0.0005037807,0.002003236],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002034523,0.0002426915,0.0002489632,0.001043608,0.0003326201,0.0007875001,0.0006434087,0.001382329,0.0006562434],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003062609,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004253277,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006914081,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009068996,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970636,0.0004150411,0.0001271373,0.0004244862,0.001881779,0.00008789869],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981243,0.0007540292,0.0003383725,0.0002099913,0.0004461934,0.0001271102],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001766566,0.00005872109,0.0008500136,0.0001590784,0.00001946547,0.00007422899,0.00007795529,0.000499911,0.9396912,0.000508441,0.0003482665,0.05753599],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004043791,0.001256811,0.008514196,0.00002451612,0.00006844426,0.0009462235,0.00005366429,0.01849425,0.9623172,0.0004417271,0.007752911,0.00008940215],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.2921234,0.007576623,0.6906073,0.0002090459,0.0008289622,0.0005685848,0.0009002493,0.002175728,0.005010088],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5194638,0.002922988,0.4675433,0.0001781347,0.0002112755,0.0007079904,0.00114976,0.0001855117,0.007637206],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002003236,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.006701469,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01790664063919983,"score_gpt":0.1858024619256151,"score_spread":0.1678958212864153,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}