{"id":"W2156467241","doi":"10.1177/0142723711403980","title":"Overt subjects and copula omission in the Spanish and the English grammar of English–Spanish bilinguals: On the locus and directionality of interlinguistic influence","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"First Language","topic":"Language Development and Disorders","field":"Psychology","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología","keywords":"Linguistics; Directionality; Grammar; Learnability; Psychology; Copula (linguistics); Computer science; Natural language processing; Artificial intelligence; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001090381,0.0001487147,0.0002261661,0.00005499104,0.00009659857,0.00002674924,0.0002125087,0.00008554354,0.0001706236],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003777497,0.00007401042,0.00003548278,0.0001684626,0.0004341642,0.00004093623,0.00008805032,0.0002049589,0.000001082778],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001001955,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000179468,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003359903,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001477889,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99883,0.0002978153,0.0002848367,0.0002435062,0.0001707543,0.0001731503],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998241,0.001142127,0.0001484781,0.000325034,0.0001099981,0.00003337801],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007328677,0.0001868622,0.1211409,0.0001098504,0.0000680392,0.00003280761,0.8601983,6.984866e-7,0.00007352633,0.01456857,0.0003486089,0.002538977],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00363115,0.00020263,0.865317,0.0002558196,0.00007892806,0.00001385358,0.124253,0.00001485861,0.0009508292,0.00229646,0.00268527,0.0003002567],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9823526,0.001751207,0.000002295527,0.00006460943,0.0002699259,0.0003718389,0.00001904455,0.00002022571,0.01514825],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993736,0.00006314713,0.00002716071,0.0003267755,0.00007801745,0.00002621205,0.000005191011,0.00001124412,0.00008869189],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.744176,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5079191,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01548884268618645,"score_gpt":0.2530623435864577,"score_spread":0.2375735009002712,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}